Blood cancer

Blood cancer is a type of cancer that affects how blood cells are created and how they work. It typically starts in the bone marrow, where blood is produced, and disrupts the normal development of red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets. Blood cancer can lead to issues with your immune system, affecting your body’s ability to fight infections and clot blood.1

Types of blood cancer

There are several types of blood cancer, but the most common ones include:

  • Leukemia: A cancer of the bone marrow and blood. Leukemia causes too many abnormal white blood cells to form. It can be divided into different types, like acute leukemia and chronic leukemia. These types affect blood function in different ways.1,2
  • Lymphoma: Affects the lymphatic system, which is part of the immune system. The two main types are Hodgkin’s lymphoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, both of which affect how the body fights infections and removes excess fluids.1,3
  • Multiple myeloma: A type of cancer that affects plasma cells, which are white blood cells responsible for producing antibodies to fight infections.1

Blood cancer symptoms

Symptoms can vary depending on the type of blood cancer but may include:4

  • Weight loss
  • Fatigue and weakness
  • Recurring infections or fever
  • Easy bruising or bleeding
  • Swollen lymph nodes
  • Pain in bones
  • Night sweats

These symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, so it’s important to talk to your doctor if you develop any of these symptoms.4

How is blood cancer diagnosed?

Doctors may use several tests to diagnose blood cancer, including:4

  • Blood tests: A complete blood count (CBC) can detect abnormal levels of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets.
  • Bone marrow biopsy: A sample of bone marrow is taken to check for cancerous cells.
  • Imaging tests: CT scans, MRIs and PET scans can help identify tumors or affected organs.

Blood cancer treatments

The treatment plan for blood cancer depends on the type, stage and a person’s overall health. Common treatment options include:4

  • Chemotherapy: uses powerful drugs to kill cancer cells
  • Radiation therapy: shrinks or kills cancer cells with high-energy radiation rays
  • Stem cell transplant: replaces damaged bone marrow with healthy stem cells
  • Targeted therapy: focuses on specific cancer cell mutations to stop their growth
  • Immunotherapy: helps the immune system fight cancer more effectively

Know the risk factors of blood cancer

Several factors can increase the risk of developing blood cancer, such as:4

  • Age: certain types of blood cancer, like multiple myeloma, are more common in older adults
  • Family history: family history of blood cancer can increase the risk
  • Exposure to chemicals: pesticides, benzene and radiation may contribute to blood cancer development
  • Weakened immune system: conditions that weaken the immune system can make you more likely to get sick

Who should I see if I’m concerned about blood cancer?

If you think you have blood cancer, tell your primary care physician (PCP). They can perform an exam, ask about your symptoms and order tests. Depending on the results, they may refer you to a hematologist or oncologist.

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